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Causal Inference and the Ladder of Causation
Causal Inference and the Ladder of Causation
3 questions
Difficulty 6-7
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conceptual
Pearl's do-operator
do
(
X
=
x
)
distinguishes intervention from conditioning. What is the key distinction between
P
(
Y
∣
X
=
x
)
and
P
(
Y
∣
do
(
X
=
x
))
?
Hide and think first
A.
Conditioning and intervention are mathematically identical; the notation
do
(
⋅
)
is a convention with no content
B.
Conditioning applies to binary variables; intervention applies to continuous variables in Pearl's framework
C.
Conditioning selects the subpopulation where
X
=
x
; intervening sets
X
to
x
while leaving the rest of the system as it is
D.
Intervening can be computed directly from observational data alone, while conditioning requires a randomized experiment
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